This paper discusses how sociology accepts“culture”. Through reviewing the literature, this paper finds that sociology has never really forgotten culture.However, the acceptance of culture has undergone a disciplinary development from “unconscious”to“conscious”and then to“consciously constructing.”In the “unconscious”stage, culture is merely an adjunct to a grand structured narrative; In the“conscious”stage, sociologists had earlier made their voices heard through scattered participation in cultural studies emerging from Europe, which was accompanied by the collective“cultural turn”of European academia; Then the cultural turn of sociology itself gave birth to the conflict between“cultural sociology”and “cultural studies.”In the“consciously constructing”stage, the emergence of several schools of cultural theory provided excellent theoretical tools for the academic prosperity of cultural sociology and the promotion of the importance of culture.Finally, the paper believes that“cultural sociology”and“cultural studies”are related, but there are obvious differences in the research objects, disciplines, and methods.

Erving Goffman is one of the representatives of the vast field of symbolic interactionism. By integrating the structural role theory of Manford Kuhn and the process role theory of Herbert Blumer, Goffman drew from the strengths of various sources in both theory and methodology, creating the Dramaturgical Theory, which had profound impacts later on. The earliest elaboration of this theory can be found in his book The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. Goffman used rich theatrical concepts such as individual“performance”and team“collusion”to describe how people maintain the normal order of the interactive world by presenting themselves in daily life. Later, in his book Stigma, Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity,he discussed the two interrelated alternative groups of stigmatized and potentially stigmatized individuals, and how they maintain their unique way of self-presentation through the modification of stigma in situations of discredited or discreditable. By interpretating Goffman’s unique life history, we can see that his works are more like encrypted versions of personal biographies, or his sociological imagination stems from his exceptionally rich and alternative experiences.

Research on intergenerational mobility usually analyzes the mobility patterns and mechanisms among classes based on the framework of class. This paper uses China General Social Survey (CGSS) data to explore the influence of family origin within the class on individual labor income, namely the“long shadow effect” of family origin. First, the results show that the“long shadow effect”exists in both the elite and the working classes. The income of people from the elite class is significantly higher than that of people from the other class, which is respectively manifested as the“class ceiling”effect and the“class floor”effect. Second, the “long shadow effect”is mainly realized through human capital and job opportunities mechanisms. People from the elite class have higher human capital and are more likely to work in large-scale organizations and economically developed areas. Third,the“long shadow effect”differs in different institutional environments. The“class ceiling”effect and the“class floor”effect in the labor market are more significant from outside the institutional system. Fourth,the“class ceiling”and“class floor” effects have shown an increasingly severe trend during the period we studied. This article reveals the heterogeneity within broad class categories, providing a new perspective for assessing social inequality and its reproduction.

 This paper examines the changing association between educational attainment of individuals’parents and their spouses in urban China and the underlying mechanisms to discuss issues related to social structure openness. The conclusions indicate that the intergenerational educational association between parents and their offspring’s spouses exhibits a trend of first declining and then rising among different cohorts born between 1960 and 1999. Mechanistically, the initial decline in this association is attributed to a decrease in the direct educational matching between parents and their offspring’s spouses. The subsequent increase is primarily attributed to a simultaneous increase in the intergenerational educational reproduction between parents and their offspring, educational assortative mating among the offspring’s generation, and the direct educational matching between parents and their offspring’s spouses. Particularly, in the cohort born between 1981 and 1999, all three of these aspects independently reinforce the intergenerational educational associations between parents and their offspring’s spouses, resulting in a closed dual-generation model of social structure openness.

Theft is the main type of juvenile delinquency. Based on the interviews in A City, this research takes migrant juveniles’petty theft as the object to discuss the generating situation and the generative mechanism of this criminal behavior. In the context of Chinese social transformation, the intense social mobility has led to the inadequacy or absence of family care and social care for some juveniles, which put the juveniles in a predicament of“lame independence”. Under the dual constraints of threatened survival needs satisfaction and the“lame independence” situation, some migrant juveniles go astray in petty theft to achieve so-called “balanced independence”. In the specific implementation process of theft, migrant juveniles weigh their needs, value systems satisfaction and cognition. During that, the temporary drift of needs’tendency, situational moral breakthroughs, and situational control based on behavior rationality that occur sequentially in critical stages have jointly caused the occurrence of petty theft, presenting the features of situational weighing. This research focuses on the interaction between the behavior and the situation when theft occurs to supplement the accumulation of research on juvenile delinquency in China.

During the past half century, the history of sociology has not only adopted the traditional method of historiography by sorting out important figures,publications, organizations and institutions in chronological order, but also focused on the complex relationships among academic knowledge, disciplinary institutions, interpersonal communication, and social backgrounds. Following the latter line of thinking, this article examines the effects of the Cold War on the development of American sociology. The government behavior and cultural atmosphere such as attaching importance to science and technology, investigating other societies, cultural propaganda and thought control triggered by the Cold War bring about six outcomes of American sociology from institutional, cultural, and intellectual aspects：(1) academia is more reliant on government funding；(2) interdisciplinary cooperation and the deepening of sociology’s own identity；(3)the scope of research is misled and limited, and a neutral attitude beyond politics prevails；(4) the existing tradition of scientism is further strengthened；(5)the“Individuality-Collectivity”social model has been continued and deepened；(6) specific theories and methods such as modernization theory have emerged or been widely used. Today, some of these influences have disappeared in the United States, and some have spread to sociological fields around the world.

In the study of the sociology of arts, the question of truth is a key issue. Sociologists of arts believe that art is a social phenomenon, and they strive to find its truth. Sociologists, represented by Howard S. Becker, believe that art is a collective activity. The more social roles sociologists pay attention to in the activity, the closer it will be to reality. They believe that the big is true, and the small is relatively untrue, which is Big- Small Mode. While other sociologists, represented by Pierre Bourdieu, believe that art is a social activity, what sociologists see is only the appearances determined by the deeper structure. In their view, the deep is true, and the shallow is relatively unreal, which is Deep-Shal?low Mode. There is a fierce debate between the two modes. In Bourdieu’s view,Becker only focuses on superficial interactions, ignoring the deep structures that determine them; in Becker’s view, the deep structures that Bourdieu focuses on have no empirical basis, and what we see in our eyes is the only truth that we can grasp. They each have their own deep sociological traditions, we should actively promote the dialogue and integration of the two so that the art world(field)has both breadth and depth.

The reform and opening up launched in 1978 has established the basic direction for Chinese path to modernization and laid its practical foundation with remarkable achievements in the more than a hundred years of exploring the modernization of Chinese society. Sociology is a discipline born of modernity; the reconstruction of Chinese sociology, which is simultaneously developed with reform and opening up, has naturally become an academic practice aimed at achieving Chinese modernization. Under the guidance of the previous generation of sociologists, such as Fei Xiaotong, the sociologists of the educated youth generation have actively engaged in the reform and opening up and socialist modernization, and they have also undergone a personal transformation from tradition to modern in the process of discipline reconstruction that has lasted for more than forty years. In the context of such rapid changes, the discourse practice of Chinese sociology has become a transformational narrative. The swiftness of China’s social transformation and the particularity of the transitional society provide the possibility to extract local knowledge of Chinese sociology.

Based on the cross-sectional data of the Social Network and Career Experience Questionnaire (JSNET) from 2009 to 2019, this paper based on the dynamic changes in China’s social governance situation, focuses on the actual path and mechanism changes of party members’social leading role. It is found that the social leading role of party members is presented through the organization-mobilization path in the change of governance model, and it shows duality and heterogeneity. First, the social leading role of party members has the dual orientation of the state and the society, which is jointly shaped by the national differential mobilization mechanism and the social capital enabling mechanism. Second, due to different participation types, party members’social leading role shows heterogeneity, which is fully reflected in institutional and welfare participation, but there is a bottleneck in leading non-Party members’rights participation. Third, different from the overall judgment of“ineffectiveness”and“continuation”, the social leading role of party members shows positive“evolution” characteristics associated with the change of China’s governance model. These findings deepen our understanding of the social leading role of party members in the change of governance model and have enlightening significance for realizing the harmonious interaction between the state and society on the basis of practicing the progressive nature of political parties.

The modernization of social governance is an important part of the Chinese path to modernization. However, the issue of“what is social governance”lacks consensus, and specialized research is rare. This paper makes a theoretical study of the historical practice, fundamental attribute and operational definition of social governance. The research finds that the historical practice of social governance can be summarized as three main modes:“governance to society”,“governance by society”, and“governance for society”.“Society”in social governance activities has the characteristics of a purposive, instrumental, and targeted society.“Sociality”is the fundamental attribute of social governance,drawing the logical boundaries between social governance and other governance practices. Social governance refers to the activity process of developing and mobilizing social forces, serving, supervising, building society, and finally building an ideal society through“society”. Social governance includes three parts: target setting, capacity building and plan implementation. In such three parts, we can examine the characteristics and their internal logic links of the governance subject, governance function, and governance object to explain the objectivity of social governance activities.

Through examination of“guanxi”study in Chinese sociology, this paper argues that tracing out the traditional social thoughts of China is one fundamental approach to building the sociological discourse system with Chinese characteristics. Such tracing helps us clarify the theoretical assumptions behind sociological concepts and provides the theoretical construction of Chinese sociology with ideological resources. Chinese traditional social thoughts are“cumulative” and“practical”, which brings us significant challenges when taking resources from them. This paper suggests entering the long-term accumulative interpretive literature at the origin of traditional thoughts, based on which we could move on to the discussion in modern times.

The construction of the Chinese independent knowledge system refers to understanding the very nature of knowledge and its production and practice. It emphasizes subjective consciousness, creative spirit, system building and practical orientation. The construction of China’s sociological knowledge system has made some progress in terms of advocating and insisting on sociolo? gy with Chinese characteristics, setting up a production system of sociological knowledge, and producing many research and teaching outcomes. However, there is room for improvement. To promote the construction of China’s sociology faster and better, we must: enhance the subjective consciousness and discipline confidence of sociologists; always be guided by the Chinese and modernized Marxism in building the sociology that aims to serve the people; strengthen the cultural, theoretical, and practical consciousness; push on with creating the soci? ology discipline system, academic system, discourse system, and the talented training system; continue deepening the opening and cooperation with innova? tions; try our best to make a global influence of China’s sociology knowledge system in responding the global challenges and answering the questions of common concern.

General Secretary Xi Jinping called on philosophy and social sciences to“make positive contributions to promoting the construction of a community of shared future for mankind”, which further proposed requirements and the direction for the prosperity and development of philosophy and social sciences with Chinese characteristics in the new era. As an important part of the work of philosophy and social sciences, sociological research must review, reflect and prospect on the basis of the framework of“building a community of shared future for mankind”, to explore the theoretical resources, to guide the focus of sub? sequent research, and to promote the construction of a community of shared fu? ture for mankind in as many dimensions as possible. From the perspective of the nature of the discipline, the vision of the future ideal society in sociological research is particularly in line with the theme of“building a community of shared future for mankind”. Many sociologists, including Karl Marx, Kang You?wei and Fei Xiaotong, have put forward the idea of an ideal society in the future. They emphasize the equality of rights and a society of great harmony in diversity, which is relatively consistent with the idea of“building a community of shared future for mankind”. Sociology can carry out worldwide research at the macro, middle and micro levels with the framework of“building a community of shared future for mankind”.

“Stage Theory”is a universal theoretical form of humanities and social sciences. There are different social characteristics at the different stages of development. The understanding of these different stages forms the primary basis of modern sociological knowledge. The“new stage of development”of China is an important topic faced by modern Chinese sociology. We should make more efforts in the aspects of the theoretical consciousness of new stage and new problems, the new core concept and the new analytical framework.

Chinese sociology is in need of technical, theoretical and methodological innovation to keep pace with the rapid transformation of Chinese society. This article addresses these issues and highlights the practical character of sociology as a discipline that studies the society as a comprehensive whole and analyzes both its order and conflicts. Marxist theory of practice and the history of Chinese modernization should both inform contemporary Chinese sociology.This discipline should be based on the practical experience since its restoration and current demands from the state to improve its scientificity and popularity.

In what way social norms and interests as an incentive affect human behaviors is the core question in economic sociology research. Different from the two mainstream paths at present, the authors of this study attempted to develop a new kind of research paradigm, which reveals the formation and tran? sition of the framework of interest and the framework of norms in the dual interaction or game of interest and norms. By redefining utility function under the assumption of the dual behaviors of interest and norms, we discussed the characteristics of different action strategies and strategy combinations in the framework of game theory, as well as the resulting equilibrium or disequilibrium consequences. Finally, the authors made an initial expectation on the potential of this paradigm in promoting fundamental sociological theories, methods and, empirical research development.

Far from the mimic of reality，maps are human’s proactive interpretation of a geographical space. Such an interpretation determines how space is used and occupied. Modern colonial empires were shaped during the“Age of Discovery”. When space on the earth was re-interpreted，empires began their occupation and exploitation of the new territories. As a result，the representative cartographic works in sixteenth to nineteenth century Europe not only reflect novel geographic knowledge of the colonial empires but also demonstrate their power and ideology. From the perspective of the map，this article explores the spatial mechanism of powers of colonialism，imperialism，and international law. From exploring new trade routes to occupying colonies，the rise of modern empires went hand in hand with the early economic globalization. Unlike the traditional empires，the modern colonial empires were originated from a new acknowledgment of global geography. Therefore，their imperialist enterprise contained a series of actions aiming to reconstruct the spatial order. Spaces on the globe were generally incorporated into the capitalist system of production. In the chain of production，transportation，and consumption，global spaces were reorganized into a hierarchical relationship. European international law emerged and developed at the same time，supporting and defending such a hierarchy. The development of cartography from fifteenth century Europe became the most vividly visual representation of these historical changes.

Township administration always involves the production and utilization of information. The communication structure composed of local society, township governments and external organizations is highly consistent with the chain of administration information flow. By investigating three land surveys in Dianzi Town, this paper tries to understand the township administration and lo? cal society from the perspective of“socialized information production”. During producing the“upward information”, the township governments hide certain information for local interests, and the information is highly distorted. During producing the“horizontal information”, the township government tries to reconcile the local interests and external demands, and the information is moderately distorted. While producing the“downward information”, the township government takes the initiative to clarify the information, and the information is less distorted and closer to the reality. The social distance of communication between the subjects will affect information distortion, and the external pressure will moderate the level of information distortion.

The author organized the sociological research team of Tsinghua University and started the New Qinghe Experiment in Beijing. The experiment aims to try the practice of social governance at the grass-roots community level, and to explore a new approach to the practice and application of sociology. The basic theoretical framework of the experiment is the theoretical thinking of government, market and society. The current situation in China is that, among the three aspects, social construction is relatively weak, so the experiment pays more attention to social construction. This experiment attempts to promote the research of applied sociology from the aspects of grassroots social re-organization,community space planning, property management, NGOs, and People’s livelihood.

The emerging“project system”(Xiangmu Zhi) in the past decade has inspired an enthusiastic scholarship focusing mainly on its functions and implications for contemporary China. It is so widespread and penetrative that some even argue it already begins to replace the conventional Danwei system in China. From the organizational perspective of state governance, this study discusses the unresolved debates in this field. We argue that the project system is a new governance vehicle evolving under the socialist market economy. The project system can be seen as a counterpart of the Danwei system. Unlike bureaucracy, the latter is an organizational vehicle for the despotic power of the newly established PRC. It provides the state with the infrastructural ability to penetrate to the grassroots level and exert comprehensive social control. Rath? er than replacing its counterpart of the Danwei system, the project system is intertwined and embedded within the Danwei system. We refer to the co-evolving governance pattern as a“Danwei-nized project system,”where the Danwei system provides the infrastructural motherboard while the project system serves as a functional module. The project system does impact Danwei system to a certain extent, but it is also being absorbed by the latter and adapts to coexist with the orthodox governance mechanisms. We conclude by proposing that to understand contemporary China's state governance fully, we need to pay more attention to the complex and subtle relationship between these two complementary systems.

Abstract: In the history of China’s sociology, the Feng Xiaoqing Study by Professor Pan Guangdan has been considered as the benchmark of using western psychoanalytic theory to analyze China’s traditional cultural phenomenon. Starting from the early thoughts of Professor Pan, especially from the problematique that is presented by the two versions of his Feng Xiaoqing study, this paper tries to combing the clues of Professor Pan in this classical study. This paper argues that, Feing Xiaoqing Study represents a different interests and train of thoughts from traditional Chinese literati, while his study of narcissism in terms of Chinese and their modern transformation, hew out a path of social science that has been scarcely visited, not to mention followed in modern China’s history of social science. This paper wants to show that, the typical research attitude that is showed in this study by Professor Pan is that, problem-oriented research interests, but not limited research within some specific discipline or horizon of ancient-modern-eastern-western.

瞿秋白；唯物史观社会学；总体性社会科学

回应结构分析面对的挑战，本文试图说明，作为一种独具特色的社会学解析逻辑，结构分析深入历史经验现象，完成了从系统演绎到事实证明的转向。这表现在分析焦点的转移：从静态抽象到现实变迁、从前设关系到新角色涌现、从环境确定性到内生偶然性、从逻辑推断到经验证明，从而焕发出新的生命力。本文举例若干研究文献，展现上述推进及其理论含义。

This article first presents four major approaches that Western scholars have developed to amend the weaknesses associated with mechanism-based explanation, and then introduces the “explanandum information expansion” method proposed by this author, including the advantages and limitations of the method. It stresses that all the methods introduced in this article can only minimize, but not eliminate the hermeneutic circle. This is the very condition of social sciences.

This paper attempts to sort out the development clues of China's labor sociology in the past 30 years. This paper shows that: the last decade of the 20th century was the first period of the development of labor sociology. At this time, Chinese sociology began to explore the labor problem, but there was a suspicion of misuse of theory. The first decade of the 21st century is the second stage of development. Sociology begins to study labor under the theoretical framework of labor sociology. This paper mainly takes the field study of Tsinghua labor sociology as an example to illustrate the characteristics of this period. The second decade of the 21st century is the third period of development. The basic characteristics of this stage are to explore new labor groups and form a new vision of research. The evolution of the three periods reflects the basic changes and internal logic of Chinese labor sociology.

Influenced by the recent synergy between anthropology, cognitive science, and bio-evolutionary sciences, a new research agenda emerged to uncover the origins of human morality. Moral development during early childhood has become a core domain within this agenda. Specifically, contemporary China has provided a unique field to investigate moral development for this line of research. This article provides a systematic introduction to the works on children’s moral development from the perspectives of psychological and cognitive anthropology. The article situates traditions on moral development research under broader theoretical conversations between anthropology and psychology. It reviews relevant research under these theoretical traditions in the history of sinological anthropology, because prior studies of Chinese children not only were influenced by these traditions but also exemplified them. The article then introduces recent works in anthropology on Chinese children’s moral development that incorporated cutting-edge psychological theories and methods, through the example of “The Good Child” project based on my fieldwork in a Shanghai preschool. To sum up, this article calls for comprehensive engagements in theoretical, methodological, and empirical realms between anthropology and cognitive science. By doing so, we can expand the research scope and bring new potentials to anthropological research on morality and ethics.

In modern society, politics and ethics are two relatively independent areas, however, politics needs to show its moral legitimacy with "right" values (political correctness). At the same time, the effective operation of politics is closely related to the moral status of political participants. In the former aspect, Durkheim and Weber, both relating the historical destiny of the nation state, deduced the "political" value from the "historical validity": Durkheim, connecting with the historical context of France, defined "political" value as "creating, organizing and realizing" the rights of the individual; Weber, on the other hand, expressed a "politically" nationalist standpoint that focus on national culture, from the situation of the German nation in which he is placed.in the latter aspect, Durkheim and Weber, who shared the common modern background of mass society and democratization, respectively put their attention to the ethical virtue of political participants on different aspects. Durkheim was concerned about how to cultivate the "collective mind" of egoistic individuals who make up the mass, that is, civic virtue and public spirit, by reconstructing the intermediary organizations between the state and individuals, especially professional corporations; Weber, on the other hand, focuses on the ethical spirit of the few dominators in power, namely the political leaders. Durkheim and Weber's discourse on politics and morality highlighted the moral dimension of "political maturity" in modern society.

This paper is aimed at explaining the dynamic role of "guanxi" in reform-era China. Within the context of China’s marketization and institutional transformation in the past four decades, several propositions can be developed concerning the trend of guanxi influence in the economy, such as stabilizing, increasing, and decreasing. Interestingly, each proposition has received theoretical arguments and supporting empirical findings. After an analytic review of the scholarly debate on the changing significance of guanxi, this paper discusses both manifestations of cultural habitus and variables of structural constraint that facilitate the prevalence of guanxi favoritism, develops a theoretical framework to explain the dynamics of guanxi through the changing degrees of institutional uncertainty and market competition, and presents survey findings on the increasing use of guanxi in labor markets from 1978 to 2014 to illustrate the usefulness of the framework. The paper concludes with an extended discussion about guanxi as a five-level variable, relating its relational contents and behavioral variations to guanxi as a tie of connectivity, a sentimental tie, a sentiment-derived instrumental tie, an instrumental-particular tie, and an obligational tie that facilitates power and money exchanges. This five-level variable is a new conceptualization aimed at advancing future research of the sociology of guanxi.

This article starts with the observation that, based on the authors’ long-term field research on low-skilled labor migration from China and Indonesia, migration is more intensively mediated than before in many parts of Asia. Detailed regulations, multiple commercial intermediaries, efficient transportation and communication technologies, and multilateral contractual relations between diverse actors constitute the migration infrastructure that shapes the process of labor mobility. Laborers do not move, but are moved by other actors according to predesigned programs. The development of the migration infrastructure impedes rather than enhances people’s migratory capability, leading to what we call “infrastructural involution”. As a result labor migration becomes both more accessible and more cumbersome. As a new perspective in migration studies, the notion of migration infrastructure calls for research that is less fixated on migration as behavior or migrants as the primary subject, and more concerned with broader societal transformations.

Sociological theories have multidimensional perspectives in analyzing and understanding the meanings and paths of time especially in the context of the development of productivity and structural transformations in modern society. The rising industrial capitalism treated time as resources with time objectified as the object of production and utilization. At the same time, the standardization of time gradually broke away from its pure measurement significance and became a social arrangement and construction of the society. With temporal system becomes increasingly complicated nowadays, the once rigid institution of social time with relatively fixed boundary, becomes increasingly contextualized and more flexible than before. The reflective practice of actors in the everyday life world and the structure of social time become a continuum. As a result, the unitary institutional meaning of time has been gradually dissolving and it will be replaced by more complex and more flexible contextual interpretations.

Professor Pan Guangdan was an important sociologist in the period of the Republic of China. Byreviewing most of Pan’s sociological papers and books, this paper points out that his sociological thoughts and some important concepts were founded on the basis of the Confucian thoughts system. Pan translated the keyword in the scientific theory of evolution, “adaption”, as “wei-yu”, an old term from the Confucian classic “the Doctrine of the Mean”. In the Confucian classics, the term means the state of equilibrium and harmony in which all things would be nourished and flourish. This were the basic theory and methodology of Pan’s sociological thoughts. Following Professor Pan’s efforts, Chinese sociologists might be able to find out a way of the localization of sociology in the future.

Abstract: The concept of “society” in modern Chinese is often all-encompassing, and its meaning is either broad or narrow, macroscopic or microscopic, so that the word “sociology” with “society” also presents a vague face. In the sense of the relationship between the individual and the world, “society” is not only the interpersonal relationship or organizaitonal environment that people usually understand, but also with the dimensions of nature and holiness. Therefore, the study of society and its various fields should take into account these two aspects. Fei Xiaotong’s work Earthbournd China is a basic text to study the composition of the broad sense of society, and the discussion on this as an example is helpful to understand the social condition of modern China and the rich meanings of social construction. Discussing the multiple composition of society is also helpful to ponder the classical social science problem of “how society is possible”.

Rural community order is dynamic. This paper explores the order change triggered by the introduction of a new citrus variety. With case analysis, it discusses the behavioral logic of actors such as farmers, businessmen and government in the introduction and promotion of the new citrus variety based on field observations in Dingtang Town. The high profit citrus variety as an economic development opportunity actually breaks the existed community order. For maxim interest, each of the actors would follow its own ways. One of the consequences is the conflict between farmers and businessman in citrus planting. Farmers more focus on planting high quality fruit while businessman more concern profits from the fruit. In the meantime, local government does not regard the conflict between farmers and businessman, instead, it is more interested in the share of new citrus planting and sales for government political performance. Nevertheless, three actors do have a common interest that is the profit from the new citrus. The interest sharing balance reshapes the actors’ behavior boundary, then community order. Protecting farmers, the weak party, is the key part for achieving the balance or community harmony.

This article first summarizes and then criticizes five different understandings of time and temporalities in the Western world. It then proceeds to propose five other understandings of time and temporalities: the cumulative developmental time derived from the natures of the economic and military power, the pluralistic time arising from the natures of ideological power, the increasingly prevailing political time due to the natures of the political power, the cyclic Daoist time, and the compound time of the empirical world (compound of the cumulative developmental time, pluralistic time, prevailing political time, and Daoist cyclic time). This article discusses the empirical relevance of my five understandings of time and tries to establish two arguments: First, the essence of historical sociology is not to study past happenings, but to organically combine the chronology/time-based narrative of history and structure/mechanism-based narrative of sociology. Second, establishing a Chinese ontology of time is a way to develop social sciences with Chinese characteristics.

There are three different opinions about the people’s positional concerns in social science researches: Absolute Gains, Relative Position, and Egalitarianism. Based on a survey toward college students and staff members, this paper explored the complexity and variability of the people’s positional concerns under different conditions. We find that with the change of items of comparison, reference groups and social identity, individual positional concerns will vary accordingly. When the reference group changed from others to colleagues, the percentage of relative positional answers by both college students and staff members on all items decrease significantly, while egalitarian and absolute answers increase. When the reference group is others, on almost items staff members obviously show lower relative positional concerns and higher egalitarian concerns than college students. However, when the reference group is colleagues, staff members’ positional concerns on most items have no significant difference from college students.

Based on the theoretical approach and concept tools of bounded rationality, through the hypothesis of stable preference and utility maximization, a theoretical model including a group of four categories of actors has been proposed in this study. On this basis, preference changing and strategy selection in the process of sequential action has been further described to revise and enrich the understanding on the complicated relationship between preference and behaviors in current studies, as represented by the Revealed Preference Theory. Different from behavioral economics which puts particular emphasis on short-term situational analysis, this study shows more concern about the evolution (progressive or regressive) mechanism, and the possibility of revealing or hiding preference in behaviors under specific conditions. This study may help reexamine existing conclusions on preference changing, but also provide design ideas for new behavior tests.

This article first explores the affinity between economic sociology and behavioral geography in the perspective of research, and then starting from the three basic hypotheses of the two disciplines, points out the consistency of the goal pursuit , similarity of the environmental variables influence and isomorphism of the individual internalization. Based on this, the utility function of two disciplines can be the new basic of social-geographic man. Further, this article explains and expands how the agent balances the interpersonal relationship and the environment according to the resource constraints. This article also discusses the influence of others and the internalization of social norms on individual utility. Finally, this article discusses the complementarity of economic sociology and behavioral geography on the spatial scale and puts forward the prospect of future research.

As a unique landscape of the vigorous development of China’s network society in recent years, the phenomenon of internet celebrity popularity has not only witnessed the dramatic changes in the fate of individuals, but also embodied a powerful economic and social forces. Based on Castell’s “network society” theory, taking the perspective of tech-social mutually construction, this paper makes a historical comparative study on the characteristics, logic mechanism and consequence of the internet celebrity popularity. The article finds that the social media and users population structure are the important factors in shaping the expression, group characteristics and basic attributes that affect the internet celebrity popularity. The fact that the social structure of social interaction is generated by the phased network society through three different types of logical mechanism: public square effect of virtual space, the social interaction mode by online community and the capital market intervention. The consequence of the popularity of the internet celebrity has undergone a transitional evolution from the cultural and social fields to the economic fields, and turned out the Wanghong economy model in process of Internet economy flourishing. The popularity of the internet celebrity provides a vivid sample for understanding the formation mechanism and development of China's network society.

This study examines the conflicts and coordination between young couples and their co-residing parents through case studies of ten families. It finds that disagreements and disputes between family members of different generations existed in all families. Most families managed to reconcile the tension across generations via three main mechanisms: emotional buffering, middle-personal mediation, and formalized democracy. Emotional buffering refers to the ways in which disputes and conflicts are ameliorated by affective relations between family members. When emotional ties between particular members break or are yet to be established, the middle-person mediates to help build good relations between them or resolve the disputes and conflicts. Formalized democracy also works in families where family members obtain recognition and respect from others by democratize the decision making process of family affairs.

In recent years, the religious revival in China has caused the return of traditional folk religions and the rapid spread of Christianity. However, existing religious researches are contradictory, due to ignoring the cultural context and endogenous problem. Conditioning on the trust structure and the impact of mainstream social thoughts, this paper identifies the causal impact of Christianism on different type of trust, using the method of propensity score matching. Our statistics indicate that Christianity belief does have a significant positive effect on general trust and interpersonal trust. Featured with highly religious commitment and tolerance, Christianity may have a positive impact on social integration. At the same time, the comparative study on psychological cognition of Christian, Buddhist and secular groups reveals that the secular group is likely to depreciate religious people than the opposite, which brings potential risk to social integration.