This paper bases its analysis on the Bernard Conference known as the beginning of the famous feminists’ sex war in 1980s. Surrounding the themes on pornography, lesbian TP roles and S/M issue, the debates under the “pleasure and danger” theoretical framework divided US feminists into two strands: sex radical feminists and anti-porn feminists who are also known as dominance feminism. The significance and influence of sex war has been lasted for more than 30 years, and dominance feminists are still active in sexual politics on issues such as sexual harassment within and beyond US context. The tracing back to 80s sex war and following feminists’ debates on sex issues in US is expected to give insights to better understand what are happening in current mainland China. Thinking sex in Chinese contexts and proposing efforts toward alternative sexuality discourses and statements rooted in local historical, cultural and social worlds are crucial yet challenging.

Gender role attitudes are about how a person identifies oneself with regard to rights and roles linked to gender in family and market, and also reflect the gender equality in society from another dimension. Using data from “2010 Chinese General Social Survey”(CGSS2010), we estimated associations of socioeconomic status (SES), gender inequality and gender role attitudes. Results suggest that gender role attitudes were significantly related to people’s social positions: The higher were people’s SES, the more liberal were their gender role attitudes. The associations of SES and gender role attitudes changed among women and men: the positive effect of the socioeconomic status on women’s gender role attitudes was stronger. Women with higher SES demonstrated greater modern trends in gender role attitudes than did men with the similar social positions. The effect of gender inequality among couples on change in gender role attitudes were also different between women and men. Women’s gender role attitudes were positively associated to their relative education and earnings, but men’s attitudes are not affected by their relative resource among couples: the more relative education women have, the more they expressed equal gender role attitudes; the more relative earnings women have, the more they hold nontraditional gender role attitudes, however, when women’s relative earnings rised at some point, their gender role attitudes reversed to be more traditional.

自罗伯特·金·默顿提出“中层理论”以来，它业已成为社科研究中最重要的方法论概念之一。在为社会科学发展做出巨大贡献的同时，它也遭遇到很多批评。系统回顾中层理论的历史、价值和局限性，并从社会科学哲学的角度予以评判，有助于我们超越目前常见的从经验主义和实证主义立场对此概念所做的解读和倡导，更深入的理解宏大理论、中层理论与经验研究三者之间的关系，进而为当代中国的社会学研究提供有益反思。

There are two theories of emotional/affective labor, one is Hochschild’s emotional labor(EL), and the other is Hardt and Negri’s affective labor (AL). Although there is a clear theoretical connection between them, sociology has not paid the necessary attention to the latter for a long time. EL is concerned with“the social basis of emotion and its commercial application in post-industrial societies”from the perspective of the sociology of emotion. In contrast, AL is concerned with“labor paradigms and bio- politics in post- industrial societies” from the perspective of autonomist Marxism. However, in empirical research,they overlap completely in terms of the subjects studied. This paper argues that the element of“affect”in AL should be restored and highlighted, so as to delineate each application’s scope, and make the necessary theoretical integration.

A school is an important place for adolescent socialization, and it is critical to examine the influence of peer groups in the school on adolescent social behavior. Using data from the China Education Panel Survey 2014- 2015,this paper explores the impact of classroom peer groups on adolescent social behavior, examines the underlying mechanisms, and analyzes the heterogeneous effects of classroom peer groups on adolescents with different levels of parental discipline. We find that classroom prosocial behavior has a positive impact on adolescent prosocial behavior, and the sense of school belonging is an important transmission mechanism. Classroom deviant behavior positively affects adolescent deviant behavior, but the mediating effect of school alienation is small. In addition, classroom prosocial behavior has a compensatory effect on adolescents with loose parental discipline, while classroom deviant behavior has an enhancing effect on adolescents with loose parental discipline. Therefore, educational administrators should foster classroom prosocial behavior, curb classroom deviant behavior, and focus on the negative effects of classroom peer groups on adolescents with loose parental discipline to promote the healthy development of adolescents.

社会科学自其诞生以来在思维逻辑和研究方法上一直受到自然科学的思维逻辑和方法的影响。本文指出社会科学和自然科学在逻辑和方法上八个方面的重要区别，并提出这些区别的本源就是人的特性， 即人是又有本能，又讲策略，又会运用意识形态和价值来论证自己行为正确性的动物。 本文强调对社会科学与自然科学这些区别的忽视是西方社会科学长期以来徘徊不前、步入误区的根本原因。

Since 1949, China’s urbanization rate has risen rapidly, and urban-rural relations have also undergone historic changes. Under the government-led urbanization model, the urbanization course actually reflects the functional orientation of cities and villages in different periods in the progress of promoting socialist modernization, as well as different development ideas and strategies on urban-rural relations. Based on the characteristics of four stages of urbanization in the past 70 years, this paper argues that the urban-rural relationship actually shifts from the stage of industrialization as the core to the stage that elements one-way flow from the township to the city, and now enters the stage of urban and rural integration. This study claims that experience of urbanization and the adjustment of urban-rural relations mean that China not only explores a road of urbanization with Chinese characteristics, but also provides a useful model for how socialist cities can be built.

As a unique landscape of the vigorous development of China’s network society in recent years, the phenomenon of internet celebrity popularity has not only witnessed the dramatic changes in the fate of individuals, but also embodied a powerful economic and social forces. Based on Castell’s “network society” theory, taking the perspective of tech-social mutually construction, this paper makes a historical comparative study on the characteristics, logic mechanism and consequence of the internet celebrity popularity. The article finds that the social media and users population structure are the important factors in shaping the expression, group characteristics and basic attributes that affect the internet celebrity popularity. The fact that the social structure of social interaction is generated by the phased network society through three different types of logical mechanism: public square effect of virtual space, the social interaction mode by online community and the capital market intervention. The consequence of the popularity of the internet celebrity has undergone a transitional evolution from the cultural and social fields to the economic fields, and turned out the Wanghong economy model in process of Internet economy flourishing. The popularity of the internet celebrity provides a vivid sample for understanding the formation mechanism and development of China's network society.

Formal theories have been broadly used in social science. Especially, the whole Micro-economics is a typical application, while in sociology are quite few. Fortunately, Mark Grannovetter's threshold models seem regarded as a paragon. Owing to the scarcity of formal theories in Sociology, We will focus on the establishment and extension of threshold models in order to explore the approaches to formal sociology. First, we will illustrate the formalization and mathematical analysis of the simple threshold model, and explain the logic of theory accumulations in two complex ones; secondly, the comparison between the development of Micro-economics and threshold models will help us generalize the special characteristics of formal theories in Sociology.

The paper reviews the studies on Chinese middle class since the 21st century. The author points out that the basic issues of both Western and domestic studies on the middle class come from Marx’s middle class theory, including class structure, class formation and social function. However, the existing studies have many controversies on these three aspects due to different theoretical background and empirical materials. And the author stresses that the researchers in the future should pay more attention to the development of the middle class during past decades as well as comparative study of these three aspects based on a unified class framework and rich survey data.

学界对当代中国社会是否已经“阶层固化”存在分歧，亦缺乏明晰的科学检验方法。本文考察公众对自身阶层流动情况的感知和对“阶层固化”话语关注之间的关联，以对这一命题进行实证检验。我们认为，如果“阶层固化”渐已成为社会现实，那么在宏观层面，过低的流动率会使得公众总体的自我流动感知恶化，触发人们对“阶层固化”的关注：流动感知越向下，固化关注度就越高。反之，如果“阶层固化”并非现实而只是一种预警，社会流动率并没有降低到危险点，那么公众对“阶层固化”的关注，和自身的流动感知就不会存在关联。就此，我们构建起“阶层固化”话语列表，利用其在百度的被检索热度来生成各省历年“阶层固化”关注度指数，并将其与中国综合社会调查（2008-2012）的流动感知数据及统计年鉴资料相匹配。基于省域面板数据的多模型分析揭示了“无关的流动感知”这一重要现象：当代中国公众基于自身经历的代内流动感知和代际流动感知，与“阶层固化”关注度均没有负向的统计关联。这一发现意味着“阶层固化”在当代中国更多地是一种预警而非社会现实。

With the widespread penetration of mobile Internet, online social mentality is not only an indispensable part of social mentality study, but also an important window to the understanding of the Chinese cyber-society. Based on a systematic review of the extant literature, this article contends that online social mentality manifests four key features of community specificity, extremity, fluidity and network-embeddedness, and proposes a theoretical conception of online social mentality as a relational, locally inter-subjective and relatively fluid socio-cultural phenomenon. This conception indicates that empirical studies should be conducted inductively, with typology analysis and discourse analysis being the most useful analytical approaches, and that community-based social mentalities, the polarization of social mentality and the emerging process of social mentality are three significant topics in online social mentality studies.

Previous studies on the differential impact of social support types on the mental health of the elderly population and its impact mechanism are relatively scarce. Based on the data from a baseline sample survey of intervention studies on psychological problems among rural elderly in 9 provinces in China, this paper explores the mechanism of social support on mental health among rural elderly. The results of linear regression show that different types of social support provided by different social support sources (people) have different effects on the mental health. The bootstrap mediation model testifies the effect path is “external characteristics of social support → internal quality of social support → mental health”. This effect path implies that the increase of support quantity exerts direct effect on the mental health, and also exerts indirect effects on the mental health, mediated by the quality of support (support satisfaction as the variable). The supports of spouses and adult children have significant impacts on the mental health of the elderly. The elderly expect the more and higher quality supports from the spouses, whereas they just expect more supports from the adult children. Both the more and the higher quality supports from the friends and neighbors have significant beneficial effects. The old people having more participation in the community activities show the better mental health. To explore the social support impact mechanism on the mental health will provide references for the issues of the late life psychological well-being in rural areas.

Abstract: In the international comparison study of the social mobility, Erikson and Goldthorpe’s class categories (EGP) is commonly used in the social class classification. How to convert Chinese standard occupational classification directly to social class classification standard of international comparison, which is a very complicated question. The recent domestic research has no clear discussion about it. To deal with it, this study based on combing EGP pattern carefully and combined the method of Ganzeboom and Treiman, Puts forward the specific conversion principle and the conversion program (two forms of SPSS and STATA). This work not only provides an important method support for later researchers, but also benefit to grasp the position of Chinese social mobility model in the international world.

This paper defines what Southern Theory is and discusses what contributions certain scholars of developing countries have made toward Southern Theory, where we should locate the critical thrust of Southern Theory, and the implications of Southern Theory for Chinese social sciences and humanities. It also explains why South-South cooperation in knowledge production is beneficial for the construction of global social theories. This paper argues that, despite the necessity in Chinese social sciences and humanities to develop and maintain an indigenous discourse, it is also necessary to hold onto the proposition that a public and common spirit rules all under heaven when the grand course of wisdom and virtues is pursued. Accordingly, we should extend our tradition of conducting academic dialogues between the East and the West into the regions of the Global South, because the development of truly global social theories must include an effort to draw upon the nourishments from social sciences and humanities in the developing world.

This article is a response to Professor Li Lianjiang’s criticism of my earlier article entitled “Differences between the Natural and Social Sciences and Their Implications for Social Science Research.” It discusses the relationship between the concept of “rightful resistance” developed by Professor Li and the concept of “everyday resistance” proposed by James Scott, and explains why everyday resistance is a successful concept, but rightful resistance is not. More generally, I argue that the value of an interpretative concept lies in its capacity to deconstruct rather than to construct. Put differently, a successful interpretive concept should highlight previously neglected aspects of social life, rather than delineate the pattern of activities of a category of people that has a very complicated nature.

Influenced by the recent synergy between anthropology, cognitive science, and bio-evolutionary sciences, a new research agenda emerged to uncover the origins of human morality. Moral development during early childhood has become a core domain within this agenda. Specifically, contemporary China has provided a unique field to investigate moral development for this line of research. This article provides a systematic introduction to the works on children’s moral development from the perspectives of psychological and cognitive anthropology. The article situates traditions on moral development research under broader theoretical conversations between anthropology and psychology. It reviews relevant research under these theoretical traditions in the history of sinological anthropology, because prior studies of Chinese children not only were influenced by these traditions but also exemplified them. The article then introduces recent works in anthropology on Chinese children’s moral development that incorporated cutting-edge psychological theories and methods, through the example of “The Good Child” project based on my fieldwork in a Shanghai preschool. To sum up, this article calls for comprehensive engagements in theoretical, methodological, and empirical realms between anthropology and cognitive science. By doing so, we can expand the research scope and bring new potentials to anthropological research on morality and ethics.

How does sociology contribute to memory studies? What makes sociology of memory possible and useful? This paper differentiates two types of sociology of memory, one in the narrow sense and one in the broad sense, and points out the theoretical and epistemological significance of the enterprise. By analyzing representative theories of memory in American sociology, this paper summarizes five epistemological approaches to studying memory: the Durkheimi? an/social- functional approach, the discursive- interpretative approach, the ac? tion-interaction approach, the formal- structural approach, and the individualcollected approach. As a nascent field, the study of memory in Chinese sociology has also contributed to memory studies through its“field- relational”approach. A dialogue between American and Chinese sociology would contribute theoretical and epistemological wisdom to studying memory in general

Based on a thorough literature review, this paper outlines the major problematics and approaches of carework study from western sociological and anthropological perspectives. It pays special attention to the booming care jobs since the 1980s, shaped by the structural forces of economic globalization and the neoliberal state. This paper argues that three research topics can be summarized, including‘the gendered framework of carework’,‘the stratified division of carework’, and‘carework as intimate labor across the realms of market and intimacy’. This paper further explores the significance as well as some potential research projects for studying the cases of China.

The gender gap in career promotion is not only an important indicator of labor market inequality, but also an important mechanism of inequality reproduction. Domestic studies have neglected the impact of family and husband on the rise of women's professional status. This paper uses the CFPS "China Family Tracking Survey" data in 2010 and 2014 and match the couple data to explore how husbands influence the wives’ professional status. This paper synthesizes the theory of gender power and verifies the theory of "husband inhibition" and "husband support". The study found that factors such as husband's income, female's emotional dependence, housework and family care time had a negative impact on the rise of women's professional status, and the "husband inhibition theory" was verified. Social network can promote the rise of women's professional status. However, the results show that the intermediary effect of social network on husband's income is not significant. The theory of husband's support has not been confirmed.

Financialization has been one of the emerging fields in economic sociology in recent years. Meanwhile, financialization is also a concept working at multiple layers with broad meanings, which is vulnerable to confusion and misuse. By reviewing the operationalization of financialization in the English literature, we outline two ways of defining financialization as“a transformation of the market structural”and“the evolution of action logic”. We also discuss the existing explanations of financialization (mainly in the United States since the 1970s) in the Marxist and historical institutionalist traditions to separately approach financialization as an inevitable historical stage and as an unintended consequence of politics. Following the reviews, we examine the empirical evidence of financialization in China at various levels, taking into account the existing Chinese research and relevant data on financialization. The paper concludes by making suggestions for future financialization research.

Under criticism from within feminism and challenge of postmodern thoughts that emphasize individual and difference, traditional feminism experienced self-criticism and internal turning, post-feminism came into being. However, when feminism itself, as a universalist movement, was attacked by women who demanded difference, people questioned that post-feminism has the tendency of "depoliticisation". Moreover, under the influence of neoliberalism, post-feminism was "misappropriated" and "distorted", breeding a landscape of "post-feminism" in mass culture, which not only contained a new kind of discipline for women, but also made traditional feminism lose its critical power. Only by clarifying the contradictory context and complex connotation involved, and reconstructing the category of "women" and "politics" from the perspective of postmodern pluralism, can we harvest the fruits of the intersection of feminism and postmodern thoughts, then open up the political opportunities of post-feminism.

This paper uses two indicators, whether going on business trips and the intensity of going out on business, as proxy for laborers’ job market involvement to empirically explore the gender differences in travelling on business and its resulting income effects on gender-earning differentials. Based on 2014 Social Networks and Job Search Survey data set, findings show that the rate at which men participate on business trips is much higher than that of the women’s, by approximately 1.8 times. Compared with laborers who do not go out on bussiness, those who have short stay and long stay on business trip respectively earn 19% and 35% higher. A series of statistical models, including Heterogeneous Treatment Effect Models have proved the robustness of these findings. On balance, gender differences in two indicators of business trips can explain 19% of the gender-earning differentials, and contribute to 88% of the total. Moreover, it is found that two indicators of business trips have indeed affected laborers’ investments in human capital, social capital, and their promotion within the organizations. It is speculated that gender-earning differentials originates from cultural bias, which is rooted in patriarchy, rather than from employers’ discrimination.

For the economic sociology emerging from reflecting on neoclassical economics, its micro-theoretical basis must consider the sociality of human behavior. Emphasis on the relative position and social comparison is the main manifestation of human sociality. Individuals not only care about their absolute benefits but also care about the relative position produced by comparing with the reference. This paper reviews and integrates some important contents of social comparison theory scattered in sociological and economic research. When introducing relative position into the analysis of human economic behavior, we need to consider basic issues such as the choice of reference groups, the positional externality of comparative items, the behavioral response caused by relative position, and the social recognition of the relative position. Social comparison theory is helpful in understanding the macroeconomic phenomena that perplex traditional economic theory, such as consumption cascade, wage compression, production quota, promotion incentives, and so on. Social comparison theory is a knowledge field that needs to be paid attention to in the study of economic sociology.

It is necessary to go back to the original context of Cha-xu-ge-ju and Xiang-tu-zhong-guo to understand the classical concept “Cha-xu-ge-ju” put forward by Fei Xiaotong. On one hand, to understand “selfishness” (Si), the relationship of Cha-Xu-ge-ju and we-relation-based egocentrism (Zi-wo-zhu-yi) should be concerned with. Cha-Xu-ge-ju” is the fundamental social structure of Chinese society, behind which is the thinking structure, we-relation-based egocentrism. We can discuss about the main aspects of we-relation-based egocentrism clearly by contrast with individualism. On the other hand, we should put Cha-Xu-ge-ju into the whole fundamental rural social order, to understand the boundary of we-relation-based egocentrism. In traditional society of China, the etiquettes and customs had controlled the boundary of we-relation-based egocentrism. However, the traditional etiquettes and customs based on Confucian ethics had been weakening, which led to a problem that the constraints on we-relation-based egocentrism are not enough. How to maintain the fundamental social order becomes a serious problem. Under the background of social construction, it is meaningful to discuss we-relation-based egocentrism and its influences on social order.

The relationship between the state and society is the basic proposition of social science, which is also a controversial topic area. On the basis of reflection and dialogue to the relation between state and society, Joel S. Migdal is aware of the "reductionism" tendency in Weber's view of State, and then he constructs a new state definition, puts forward the unique "view of State" on the basis of empirical research. Meanwhile, combining with the perspective of procedural, he constructs the path "state in society" from the perspective of methodology, makes a new dynamic, procedural and constructive interpretation of the relation between state and society, which avoids the limitations of one way understanding from the old “state-centered” and “society-centered” theory, deepens the understanding of complex social reality, and opens up a new era of study on the relationship between the state and society, which also has the vital significance in methodology.

This paper tries to address the following questions: what are the key emerging issues of ‘sexualities’ rooted in mainland China since 1980s? How to understand the changes, trends and tensions under certain social, political and economic contexts? What are the local responses from the Chinese academic and the key discourses being formulated? Based on empirical research experience and embodied observations started since mid-1980s. I will further divide the short period of social history into three stages（or with a prelude, four stages）, and try to capture the key trends through analyzing three correlated components in each stage: the key sexuality issues emerging at that time, its specific social-political contexts, and the local academia responses and discursive practices. I also expect further inputs to improve such an analytical framework to better understand and theorize local experience and thoughts on yet beyond ‘Sexualities in China’.

Since the postmaterialism theory was firstly proposed in the early 1970s, this line of research has acquired tremendous impacts in the past five decades in the fields of political culture and public opinion. Meanwhile, the postmaterialism theory has been facing challenges in its assumptions, theoretical framework, and empirical applications. It is criticized for its eurocentrism and American centrism, linear view of history, and lack of dynamic and multi-level research scope. In response to the critiques, Inglehart and associates have been enhancing their theory to provide more accurate explanations for values changes in recent years. This paper reviews the postmaterialism theory and relevant debates, specifically the latest developments since the 21st century. This paper proposes critiques and suggestions for improving the theory and relevant research. Based on empirical analysis of the World Values Survey data (1981- 2020), this paper finds that postmaterialist values are showing an ebbed trend. Based on that, this paper assesses the theoretical problems in the postmaterialism theory and examines the new empirical trends of values transitions.

Abstract: The emergence of “Orders of Simulacra” indicated that Baudrillard began to turn to pessimism. This article focuses on “Orders of Simulacra” text analysis, which is on the basis of existing debate about his pessimism turning, summarizing the core idea of “Orders of Simulacra” in the different link, such as criticizing, the orienting of problem, logical reasoning and the path to save. From the perspective of the premise, this article argue that, There is a logic jumping between criticism and solution to the simulation society in Baudrillard’s theory. He criticizes actuality with the “truth”, but solves the problem with the “real”. It avoids falling into the trap of “Orders of Simulacra” designed by himself, but overlooks the significance of mundane ethics as premise, because of stucking in the binary frame of “mundane- sacred”. It Finally makes “Orders of Simulacra” descend to a corner of DECONSTRUCTION of the 20th century, bowing to absurd metaphysics and pessimism. Keywords: orders of simulacra; symbolic exchange; mundane ethics; simulation

With the spread of blockchain technology and the soaring price of bitcoin in recent years, many countries, including China, have seen a craze of cryptocurrencies in 2017. However, despite the rush of investors, a large number of cryptocurrencies are just shell projects or outright scams under the banner of blockchain. The white paper is a project introduction written by cryptocurrency issuers to attract investors. This paper collects and analyzes all the white papers written in Chinese currently available in the financial market, reveals the seven main narratives of the cryptocurrency industry and makes a portrait of ideas for the people involved in. We argue that the cryptocurrency is a self-protective invention when society is facing the systemic crisis of financial capitalism, although taking a good faith to resist the financial culture, it ultimately becomes the carrier of financial culture reproduction, which means the financial capitalism has achieved the dynamic generation as a new historical form.

Implementing emotional labor is one of the vital components in palliative care nurses’daily work, which is beyond body care in curative medi? cine. Based on fieldwork in palliative care departments in hospitals, this paper reveals the multiple levels of emotional labor among China’s palliative care nurses. When implementing the instrumental emotional labor, professional nurs? es engage in empathy training for emotional management based on professional and organizational rules. Besides, nurses are able to connect individuals’compassion with their social identity to achieve professional intimacy in the type of presentational emotional labor. In the type of philanthropic emotional labor, professional nurses may offer the gifts of life to patients’family members by organizing and guiding the rituals to alleviate patients’and family members’sorrow and burdens of ethics. The nurses refresh and reconstruct their values of life and death as a reward. In addition, the boundary work in time and space and selectively implementation are both prevalent mechanisms influencing the transitions across different types of emotional labor. This research shows that the professional caring workers may have the advantage of autonomy in interpersonal relationship. Moreover, the local institutional and cultural factors may influence the scope and level of emotional labor. As a result, the macro and micro supporting institutional measures should be taken to improve the resilience of palliative care nurses.

Far from the mimic of reality，maps are human’s proactive interpretation of a geographical space. Such an interpretation determines how space is used and occupied. Modern colonial empires were shaped during the“Age of Discovery”. When space on the earth was re-interpreted，empires began their occupation and exploitation of the new territories. As a result，the representative cartographic works in sixteenth to nineteenth century Europe not only reflect novel geographic knowledge of the colonial empires but also demonstrate their power and ideology. From the perspective of the map，this article explores the spatial mechanism of powers of colonialism，imperialism，and international law. From exploring new trade routes to occupying colonies，the rise of modern empires went hand in hand with the early economic globalization. Unlike the traditional empires，the modern colonial empires were originated from a new acknowledgment of global geography. Therefore，their imperialist enterprise contained a series of actions aiming to reconstruct the spatial order. Spaces on the globe were generally incorporated into the capitalist system of production. In the chain of production，transportation，and consumption，global spaces were reorganized into a hierarchical relationship. European international law emerged and developed at the same time，supporting and defending such a hierarchy. The development of cartography from fifteenth century Europe became the most vividly visual representation of these historical changes.

Although the social nature of space has been discussed widely, its sociological nature hasn't yet. There is no systematic answer for how can we take space as a sociological perspective to explain social problems. Therefore, the study tries to reveal the orientations and limitations of spatial interpretation in sociology. It suggests that spatial perspective has four dimensions in Sociological Interpretation.(a)For social structure，the occupancy state of space constitutes the motive force of social stratum differentiation.(b)For social change, the production of space affects the direction and speed of social change.(c)For social control, the localization of space has become the main skill of power operation.(d)For social action, The claim of space constitutes the important logic of Urban social movement. Further，the study reveals two characteristics of the Spatial Interpretation: situationality and compound. Then, after affirming the advantages of spatial perspective basing these two characteristics, its limitations in study came into question.

在有关市场秩序形成机制的理论传统中，存在自发论和建构论的二元对立。立足中国社会市场化转型的特殊经验，也形成了一批富于本土特色的理论创见。本文将在充分梳理市场秩序形成的自发论、建构论以及本土经验论三种理论逻辑的基础之上，提出一个自发性与建构性的互动实践框架，用于分析中国市场化改革的经验历程。在中国社会的转型过程中，自发性与建构性两种力量以不同的互动关系机制塑造了实践中的市场秩序形态。在市场秩序的兴起阶段，存在民间自发主体的规则创新与官方建构主体的立法确认二者之间的前后相继。在市场秩序的拓展阶段，存在以市场效率为导向的优胜劣汰与以政治偏好为导向的地方规划两种制度选择机制的左右互搏。在市场秩序的变革阶段，存在地方政府突破体制壁垒的制度创新与企业重塑市场惯习的规则创新之间的相辅相成。

We used data from three waves of the China Longitudinal Aging and Society Social Survey to investigate the gender paradox of two-way intergenerational support in Chinese families. That is, daughters provide more support to their parents than sons, but parents are more supportive of their sons. To explain the phenomenon,we established a multi-situational motivation model for parents and children within the family: daughters and parents tend to form a mixed intergenerational support pattern driven by emotional motives and immediate exchanges, characterized by daily interactions; whereas sons and parents lean towards forming a pattern that combines cultural norms and delayed exchanges, serving as a safety net. The compound effect of these two patterns leads to the gender paradox at the group level. By exploring the gender paradox, this paper further reveals the tension between the individual and family under the drastic social transformation in China, illustrating the complex aspects of Chinese families transitioning towards individualization, being constrained
by traditional social structures and actively engaging in proactive cultural practices.

Big data studies in sociology have been treated as a new trend or promising direction mainly in the statistic or quantitative areas. However, our digital lives embedded with information technology generate a“new sociality”, the existence and practice of the subject experienced a radical change. With some new“digital troubles”, the subject has been offered more opportunities and increased flexibility. Theoretical studies are also required urgently in the era of big data. Sociological theories should understand and interpret our digital lives. Moreover, practicing sociological imagination in the contemporary context of datafication of everything, an updated imagination is required to interpret or “unlock”the digital lives of our time.

Using data from the 2017 Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS), this paper examines the effects of motherhood, family economic resources, and intergenerational support on the employment of married women, as well as the mechanism of family patronage. The study findings are as follows: Firstly, women with two or more children experience a significant and intense motherhood penalty. Secondly, there are family patronage effects on women’s employment. Family economic resources negatively affect women’s employment, with the effect being dependent largely on the relative income status of the couple. Concerning parental support, women’s employment is negatively correlated with economic support, while positively correlated with care support. Lastly, the effects of family patronage vary based on the number of children a woman has. For women with only one child, intergenerational care support has a greater impact on their employment, whereas family economic status is more important for women with two or more children. These findings suggest that family is a vital resource for women in managing labor market risks. The motherhood dilemma is negotiated by resorting to family patronage as a rational decision to either work or return to the family.

Based on the study of female live- streamers who work on the live-streaming platforms, this study discussed the arising changes of labor process and labor identity of the platform labor. Collecting data through in-depth interview and participation observations, this study found that with the salary system, the competition system and the institution of flexible employment established by the platform, the live-streamers exploit“the second layer of working space”outside the working space on the platform to perform private emotional labor and establish a commercialized identity named“Ren She”in order to cater to the customers’preferences and demands. As a result, the working space are immensely amplified and then squeeze the space of labor reproduction. The identity of the labor is totally commercialized. The technology of platform has an enormous impact on the female labors in the service industry. The platform labors who seem to be "free" face extremely serious exploitation and alienation while sacrificing their freedom in fact.

Carework, as a form of intimate labor, involves much emotional labor as well as bodywork. Based on ethnographic research in two nursing homes，this paper describes care practices，affective experiences，and daily interactions around the sexual/gendered bodies. Body work often violates the norms of the management of the body and raises shame and dirtiness. Through several strategies of boundary work，the care workers manage the boundary between“sexual/gendered body”and the“working body”，establishing their own professional scripts of caregiving. However，these boundaries can be challenged and dissolved in long-term daily interactions，accompanied by a flux of disgust，astonishment and joy. The intersections of sexuality，gender and aging，disability shape the intimacy between care workers and the elderly，expanding our understanding beyond the dominant normative discourses of gender and sexuality.

In recent years, mechanism-based explanation has received considerable attention in the sociological explanation. This article clarifies the theoretical background of the rise of mechanism-based explanation and its conceptual concatenation. It also outlines three key properties of mechanism-based explanation: the recurring event processes between the explananda and explanandum, the diversity of causal structure and methodological individualism. The second part discusses three dilemmas in mechanism-based explanation: the problem of over-determination, the ignorance of structural and institutional elements and the generality of causality. The final part points out the methodological implications of the book “The Confucian-Legalist State: a New Theory of Chinese History” and analyses how its methodological approach transcends the dilemmas of the traditional mechanism-based explanation.