The reform and opening up launched in 1978 has established the basic direction for Chinese path to modernization and laid its practical foundation with remarkable achievements in the more than a hundred years of exploring the modernization of Chinese society. Sociology is a discipline born of modernity; the reconstruction of Chinese sociology, which is simultaneously developed with reform and opening up, has naturally become an academic practice aimed at achieving Chinese modernization. Under the guidance of the previous generation of sociologists, such as Fei Xiaotong, the sociologists of the educated youth generation have actively engaged in the reform and opening up and socialist modernization, and they have also undergone a personal transformation from tradition to modern in the process of discipline reconstruction that has lasted for more than forty years. In the context of such rapid changes, the discourse practice of Chinese sociology has become a transformational narrative. The swiftness of China’s social transformation and the particularity of the transitional society provide the possibility to extract local knowledge of Chinese sociology.

Granovetter and Zelizer create two theoretical approaches that represent two orientations on the issues of social relations and economic actions: embedding and constitutive. The Granovetter school emphasizes the influence of the social network on economic action; the Zelizer school asserts that economic action is coordinated within culturally constrained social relations, which are also constantly being maintained or changed. Granovetter’s embeddedness brings social relations back to the study of economic action but fails to strike at the core of the logic of economics thoroughly. Zelizer’s relational work not only includes the marginalized culture in the analysis but also emphasizes the essence of economic action as social interaction, avoiding the possibility of analyzing economic action outside social relations. By comparison, this paper proves that relational work has achieved the transcendence of embeddedness. On this basis, it puts forward viable suggestions for the future agenda of Chinese economic sociology, drawing on the traditional concept of righteousness and profit.

本研究以人工智能数据标注产业为案例，解析中国平台劳动的再嵌入现象。通过分析为期两年的田野调查和 154 个半结构性访谈资料，构建了“算法补足组织”的概念框架，探讨了“补足组织”如何衔接算法与平台劳动，使之再嵌入回社会关系。由地方政府介入的算法补足组织依据自身组织资源和逻辑，弥合了算法控制所带来的部分潜在劳工问题。在特定情景下，算法补足组织还可能与劳工形成利益同盟，调动组织资源消减算法黑箱特性，联合对抗过度算法控制，这一事实挑战了算法冷漠性等相关理论。

This paper defines what Southern Theory is and discusses what contributions certain scholars of developing countries have made toward Southern Theory, where we should locate the critical thrust of Southern Theory, and the implications of Southern Theory for Chinese social sciences and humanities. It also explains why South-South cooperation in knowledge production is beneficial for the construction of global social theories. This paper argues that, despite the necessity in Chinese social sciences and humanities to develop and maintain an indigenous discourse, it is also necessary to hold onto the proposition that a public and common spirit rules all under heaven when the grand course of wisdom and virtues is pursued. Accordingly, we should extend our tradition of conducting academic dialogues between the East and the West into the regions of the Global South, because the development of truly global social theories must include an effort to draw upon the nourishments from social sciences and humanities in the developing world.

The ontological problem makes the study of depression fall into a dilemma between social structuralism and social constructivism, which limits its further exploration. By the concept of disruptive performance, we may have access to the truth of depression. Although the episode of depression disrupts the order of social interaction, it also expresses the real selves and inner sufferings of patients. A lot of people in every society who suffer from extremely emotional pains present themselves in the way of disruptive performance. However, there are social norms that are used to regulate emotional expression forbid the repeated disruptive performance. Under the perspective of social performance theory,we can regard those norms as cultural scripts which give depressive patients new social roles and guide them to present emotional pains in a standardized way. Instead of falling into the ontological argument of depression, it is better to explore the way of understanding and dealing with depression in the perspective of social performance theory.

In the current vertical government governance institution dominated by accountability, the upward centralization of control has narrowed the window of collusive behavior. Then what are the coping mechanisms that grassroots governments will use to replace collusion? The study found that, because of the economic benefits and social welfare associated with the widespread implementation of public construction projects at the grassroots level, the public chose to“cooperate”with the grassroots government in dealing with inspections and acceptances from higher-levels governments. In the case of Chun Town, although poverty alleviation policies to increase the income of poor households were implemented to a limited degree, cooperation between the public and the grassroots government still emerged. This paper reveals the generation mechanisms of such cooperation: (1)the change of control in vertical governments; (2)the fluctuation of implementation and selective implementation of the grassroots governments; (3)the formation of interests community among the local cadres and villagers due to redistribution system of fiscal resources. It implies that the analysis of the social groups should not be limited to the framework of state and society, and the academia are supposed to conduct further discussion on the agency in the relation between the central and the local.

Using data from the JSNET 2014 and applying the theory of gender roles and social capital, this paper examines the mediating effect of workplace interaction on the gender gap in the first promotion through Causal Mediation Analysis (CMA). The key findings indicate that men tend to engage more frequently in external interaction in the workplace, known as“men dominate outside affairs”than women. Furthermore, the study shows that external interaction plays a critical mediating role in the relationship between gender and the first promotion. In other words, the gender gap in external interaction exacerbates the gender gap in the first promotion. Additionally, the heterogeneity test demonstrates variations in the mediating effects of external interaction among different hire dates and groups with various organizational characteristics. These findings provide compelling evidence of how social gender structure influences employees’network behavior. We highlight the importance of addressing hidden discrimination caused by traditional gender roles in the workplace and recognizing the variations of gendered interactions in diverse periods and institutional contexts.

Aiming at the materiality and symbolism of Olympic gold medals,we tried to find an interactive and integrated explanation mechanism within the “sociology of the social”and“sociology of associations”, the logic of how gold medals embed in social culture, and the social facts constructed by gold medals and other actors. After the gold medals are activated, they enter the reconstruction of the context of social life: they would be transformed into a kind of social productivity, which promotes the social order transition of Olympic champions and other actors, stimulates the behavior of competitive sports practitioners, and divides while connecting the group. In the social embedding of gemeinschaft,the gold medals reveal the variation trend and value attribute of human interaction under the background of modernity, as well as the micro-ecology of social interaction and power operation. Later, gold medals enter the exhibition state,which not only promotes the recontextualization of social memory and continues the“vitality of things”but also indicates the generation of new cultural space and shapes a social network and cultural inheritance mechanism.

In the study of the sociology of arts, the question of truth is a key issue. Sociologists of arts believe that art is a social phenomenon, and they strive to find its truth. Sociologists, represented by Howard S. Becker, believe that art is a collective activity. The more social roles sociologists pay attention to in the activity, the closer it will be to reality. They believe that the big is true, and the small is relatively untrue, which is Big- Small Mode. While other sociologists, represented by Pierre Bourdieu, believe that art is a social activity, what sociologists see is only the appearances determined by the deeper structure. In their view, the deep is true, and the shallow is relatively unreal, which is Deep-Shal?low Mode. There is a fierce debate between the two modes. In Bourdieu’s view,Becker only focuses on superficial interactions, ignoring the deep structures that determine them; in Becker’s view, the deep structures that Bourdieu focuses on have no empirical basis, and what we see in our eyes is the only truth that we can grasp. They each have their own deep sociological traditions, we should actively promote the dialogue and integration of the two so that the art world(field)has both breadth and depth.

Fiscal Federalism and Promotional Tournaments are two mainstream theories that explain China’s local governments, which have very different views on the myopia problem of China’s local governments. Given the obvious discrepancy, the paper proposes a series of empirical tests based on the data of prefecture-level cities from 2000 to 2018. We find that the more autonomous the local governments on their control over fiscal resources, the more fiscal resources would flow into the sustainable growth sectors. The political incentives to official individuals, however, have no significant impact on government behaviors.Furthermore, the local governments had been learning and adjusting to improve their resource allocation. In addition, stable institutional arrangements, constituting credible commitments, would further encourage governments to pursue sustainability. Our findings thus suggest that we need to reflect on and project the positive relationship between the central and local governments in China.

Cato Young is not just an executive officer of the rural construction school during the Republic of China, but also a key figure in the history of Chinese sociology’s indigenization. Throughout Cato Young’s life and academic career, the two core issues of his sociological research are the modernization of the Chinese rural community and the indigenization of Chinese sociology. His sociological thoughts experience a transformation from “science”to “mores”,which coincides with the social ideology change from“The May Fourth Spirit”to“The Post-May Fourth Spirit”in the first half of the 20th century. From the perspective of scientism, Cato Young tries to make science become the approach to the governance of rural society, the lifestyle of rural people and the research method of rural sociology. From the perspective of mores, he discovers the possibility of reconciliation between Chinese history, customs and modern Western science. The transformation of Cato Young’s sociological thoughts has multiple implications, including rural construction practice, academic self- adjustment and indigenization of sociology. Typically, it presents the affinity between the themes, objects, methods, values, changes of Chinese sociology and the evolution of“The May Fourth Spirit”.

Traditional Chinese Confucianism contains rich resources for sociology studies, among which the concept of benevolence and righteousness is the key to understand the logic of Chinese social actions. The classic stories and characters in Chinese classical novels often have the implication of mores, from which we can get a glimpse of the value and action orientation of the Chinese.Based on the classic story of“Guan Yu lifts his saber to release Cao Cao”in Romance of The Three Kingdoms, this article uses the method of process-eventgantong analysis to discuss why Guan Yu, who was taking a military command to arrest Cao Cao, finally let him pass by“allowing private feelings to outweigh public duty”, which is taken as righteousness. The secret of making this“public- private conversion”is“the model in practicing the principle of reciprocity”(xiejuzhidao). The discussion on“the theory of reciprocity (xieju)”helps us understand the public-private concepts and the characteristics of action ethics in traditional Chinese society.

It is not easy to integrate Pan Guangdan into the history of Chinese sociology. Based on the historical literature of eugenics and sociology in the West and China, this paper argues that biological theories once influenced Western sociologists, and directly guided Pan’s research orientation. According to Auguste Comte’s theory of scientific knowledge, biology is at the lower layer of sociology, and sociology is subject to biological laws. In this sense, Pan enriched the explanatory framework of human behaviors, and established the research paradigm for cultural analysis from a biological perspective. Mainstream sociology had long kept its distance from biology in the 20th century. Largely driven by the progress of sociobiology and other new disciplines, some contemporary sociologists have attempted to develop a comprehensive social theory by integrating biological theories. Since human biology would help sociologists modify and improve social theories, this paper calls for the construction and development of biosociology in China along the way pioneered by Pan Guangdan.

 This paper examines the changing association between educational attainment of individuals’parents and their spouses in urban China and the underlying mechanisms to discuss issues related to social structure openness. The conclusions indicate that the intergenerational educational association between parents and their offspring’s spouses exhibits a trend of first declining and then rising among different cohorts born between 1960 and 1999. Mechanistically, the initial decline in this association is attributed to a decrease in the direct educational matching between parents and their offspring’s spouses. The subsequent increase is primarily attributed to a simultaneous increase in the intergenerational educational reproduction between parents and their offspring, educational assortative mating among the offspring’s generation, and the direct educational matching between parents and their offspring’s spouses. Particularly, in the cohort born between 1981 and 1999, all three of these aspects independently reinforce the intergenerational educational associations between parents and their offspring’s spouses, resulting in a closed dual-generation model of social structure openness.

We used data from three waves of the China Longitudinal Aging and Society Social Survey to investigate the gender paradox of two-way intergenerational support in Chinese families. That is, daughters provide more support to their parents than sons, but parents are more supportive of their sons. To explain the phenomenon,we established a multi-situational motivation model for parents and children within the family: daughters and parents tend to form a mixed intergenerational support pattern driven by emotional motives and immediate exchanges, characterized by daily interactions; whereas sons and parents lean towards forming a pattern that combines cultural norms and delayed exchanges, serving as a safety net. The compound effect of these two patterns leads to the gender paradox at the group level. By exploring the gender paradox, this paper further reveals the tension between the individual and family under the drastic social transformation in China, illustrating the complex aspects of Chinese families transitioning towards individualization, being constrained
by traditional social structures and actively engaging in proactive cultural practices.

Taking family-school interaction around homework in an urban and a township elementary school as examples, this study examines the differences in the educational environments of the two and explores their impact on the processes and patterns of family-school interactions. The study found that highly competitive and differentiated educational environments promote a“competition-driven, two-way supportive”family-school relationship. In contrast, educational environments with limited competition and low differentiation promote a“passive response, one-way dependent”family-school relationship. The former implies that schools, families, and even the market, construct an educational network that works together to cope
with educational competition and promote students’academic development. The latter implies that schools play an absolutely dominant or even exclusive role in the education process. Besides, the increased space for families weakens the role of
school resources, and in an environment where family resources are weak, schools play a more equalizing role than families. The family-school relationship links not only educational processes and outcomes but also micro-level family-school behaviors and meso-level educational environments, affecting educational equity.

This article analyzes the changes in the contract tax institutions in Beijing from the fourth year to the fifth year of the Wanli Emperor’s reign in Ming dynasty, illuminating the formation of a typical patrimonial bureaucracy in state extraction in traditional China. This analysis suggests that as being triggered by a contingent event that the malfeasance of a tax official of the tax office (Du-shui-si Da-shi) was disclosed, the contradiction between the formal institutions regarding contract tax and the absence of governmental administration of contract tax in Beijing was perceived by the officials and the Wanli Emperor, and facilitated their social actions regarding the contract tax in Beijing. By the fifth year of the Wanli Emperor’s reign, both the characteristics of the tax farming institution and those of the bureaucracy were manifested in the form of the patrimonial bureaucracy in the collection of contract tax in Beijing on the formal institutional level. The patrimonial bureaucracy integrated Confucian filial piety, utilitarian ethic, the formal logic of legal thought, and the commitment to traditions on the informal institutional level.This study develops a more comprehensive theory of patrimonial bureaucracy for interpreting state extraction in traditional China, and systematically illustrates the contradictions between and within the formal and informal dimensions of the patrimonial bureaucracy in traditional China.

Based on the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS), this paper systematically discusses the impact of migration experience on the intergenerational relationship in terms of filial piety models, and the differentiation of effcets under different migration scenarios. The results show that while the migration experience subverts people’s authoritarian filial piety, it also perpetuates their reciprocal filial piety. Among them, the weakening of authoritarian filial piety is more significant in the flow situation of the selective flow path, more education gap and value differentiation. This paper makes a detailed exploration of the causal chain between the migration experience and the change of filial piety, which helps us understand the transformation of family structure in the current“floating China”.

Technology has become an increasingly important factor affecting the development of the economy and society. However, as the prerequisite, the statement of“technological progress”is inconsistent with the actual development process of technology. Such inconsistency is related to the limitations of current research on the sociology of technology, which is characterized by“excessive refinement but insufficient reflection”. This paper is inspired by the early theoretical resources of the sociology of technology, the framework of sciencetechnology-society. It proposes a relational perspective and takes the innovation process of printing since the Tang Dynasty as an example, to study the dynamic relationship between technology and society. It is found that the development of printing in history is the result of the interaction between the collision mechanism and the consultation mechanism, which originated in the technological relationship. The promotion of the innovative technological form-movable type printing depends on the relationship structure of different regions, and the spread of printing shows the complex relational flow process. Compared with the current research, this paper attempts to make two advances. Firstly, it bridges the gap between the inside and outside of technology and gives a more comprehensive perspective. Secondly, it explores endogenous research methods based on local scientific and technological views. At the same time, the relational perspective is also enlightening for the current technological development. It is conducive to promoting substantive exchanges and cooperation among technology creators,rule makers, users, promoters, and academic researchers, advocating technology for goodness and improving human well-being.

The steady progress of modernization and urbanization transformation in rural areas is a key link to realize Chinese modernization. From the perspective of endogenous development, this paper takes Yonglian Village as an example, examines the specific process of spontaneous urbanization of rural communities from the three dimensions of“subjectivity”,“openness”and“inclusiveness”, and focuses on analyzing the practical logic of super villages moving towards steady-state urbanization.The study found that in the process of spontaneous urbanization of rural communities, the village collective with subjectivity has played an important role as an organizational carrier. The openness of village society is an important means to effectively integrate internal and external resources to achieve sustainable development. The pursuit of inclusiveness under the leadership of the party organization has established a goal guide for the transformation of villages towards urbanization. Through the transformation of economic form, social culture, social governance and other aspects, the village has gradually broken through the“core-periphery”gradient development model with the town as the development center in the“city- town- village”pattern.Farmers have lived a life of urbanization, walked out of a spontaneous urbanization development path, and enriched the realization form of China’s new urbanization.

Arthur and Margery Wolf’s fieldwork in Taiwan from 1958 to 1960 was the first research on Han Chinese children and child-rearing in Euro-American anthropology. It marked a significant moment when Sinology, psychological anthropology, and cross-cultural child development studies intersected. This research is a classic product of the integration of anthropology and psychology theories and mixed-methods methodology. However, these valuable field notes did not see the light of day until sixty years later. My re-analysis starts with a retrorrspective exploration of how classic theories were generated in their historical contexts and fieldwork processes. I also aim to give a new life to old field notes by combining cutting-edge theories and methodologies from contemporary interdisciplinary perspectives. This paper reviews the Wolfs’classic fieldwork, traces the history of American anthropology and its subdisciplines, and rediscovers “the child”: using“children’s fighting”as a case study, I shift the analytical focus from“child- rearing”to“children”as agents, and reinterpret“traditional Han Chinese family”from the perspective of children. To return to anthropological holism, I explore fundamental issues such as the origins of human cooperation and morality, the meaning-interpretation of social behavior, and the mystery of human learning.

For a long time, based on fieldwork practices, anthropologists’research on visual ethnography mainly involves a participatory perspective and depends on their role as photographers or filmmakers. This proactive role, the power relationship between seeing and being seen during shooting, and the organization and reflection on the content selection and edition, constitute visual anthropology as an academic discipline. Under such disciplinary norms, anthropologists are always more powerful and decisive than audiences in shaping and confirming what a visual ethnography is. However, research overshadowed by such a perspective would easily neglect the subjectivity of images in visual ethnographic works. In this light, to understand visual ethnography as a sort of imagesubject, anthropologists need to jump out of the existing perspective of producing and delve into images to explore how they can attain self- realizations in terms of dissemination and consumption. An“image-anthropology”methodological framework that pays more attention to how images are accepted, viewed, and talked about is needed here. It includes a“viewer’s perspective”of image reception and consumption and a“dimension of criticism”formed on the basis of this new perspective. Together, they mark the shift of focus in visual ethnography from image-makers to image-viewers.

This study focuses on state-to-private mobility during the later stage of market reform in China, with a causal analysis of such mobility on workers’ subjective wellbeing and its underlying mechanisms. Using a longitudinal design based on data from the China Family Panel Studies（CFPS 2014, 2016, and 2018）,This study carries out post-matching regression controlling for a rich set of premobility covariates to mitigate the selection bias. The main findings are as follows:first, state-to-private mobility exhibits a distinct negative selection pattern, in which relatively disadvantaged workers in the public sector are more likely to move toward the private sector. Second, the state-to-private mobility experience has a substantive and statistically significant detrimental impact on workers’subjective wellbeing.Third, economic factors, represented by social insurance and housing allowance, and psychosocial factors, represented by interpersonal relationships and subjective status,have mediated the causal effect of state-to-private mobility on workers’subjective wellbeing. This paper provides meaningful policy references for current national institutional reforms.

The state theory has recently been influenced by Bourdieu and shows a trend of“cultural turn”. However, Bourdieu’s theory on the state some? how has rarely been discussed as an overt theme. In this paper, the authors aim to unveil“the Dual Faces”of the state by interpreting the reduction of the bu? reaucratic field and the norm of republicanism, in order to explore Bourdieu’s theory on the state systematically based on his lectures at the College de France. First, Bourdieu creates the concept of“legitimate monopoly of symbolic power”to redefine the modern state and further developing his epistemological reflection on the state as a starting point. Second, Bourdieu attempts to reveal the practical logic of the bureaucratic field and realizes a sociological reduction of state magic by employing a methodology of genetic structuralism. Third, this paper attempts to analyze the“political turn”of Bourdieu’s thoughts in his final years through the lens of his state theory, in which he emphasizes more on the normative face of the modern state rather than its dominant face. Moreover,Bourdieu returns both theoretically and practically to the French tradition of republicanism represented by Emil Durkheim. In sum, the dual faces of the modern state exhibits not only the inner tension of Bourdieu’s state theory but also provides a new cultural perspective toward it.

Risky financial assets, as the main source of household assets, are becoming an important mechanism for household wealth inequality. This paper investigated the logic of the investment in risky financial assets from the perspective of class for Chinese households. Using the data from the China General Social Survey, we found that the investment rate of Chinese households in risky financial assets remained at a low level for a long time from 2010 to 2021. Moreover, there were two kinds of stratification logics in investment decision-making, i.e., both the elevation of class status and downward social mobility had a positive impact on the investment in risky financial assets, but the role of social mobility was stronger than that of class status. Further analysis revealed that downward social mobility induced households to invest in risky financial assets by reducing the perception of social equity. These findings indicated that investment in risky financial assets for downwardly mobile households may be an irrational behavior to compensate for their declining status. This paper not only expands the research on the social stratification of economic behavior, but also provides empirical references for policymakers to guide the public to participate rationally in financial markets and thus to alleviate wealth inequality.

The existing literature has paid attention to how the American anthropologist David Schneider has shaped Euro-American anthropology, and yet has not systematically traced the key transformations regarding objects of inquiry in Schneiderian kinship studies. This article takes the kinship studies, theories, and critiques of Schneider as a central thread, and demonstrates how Schneiderian kinship studies have turned its central objects of inquiry from“society”to“culture” and eventually to“local biology.”Taking into account the recent developments in anthropological theories, I will comment on how Schneider has already pushed kinship studies from the level of epistemology to that of ontology several decades ago. This paper takes Schneider as a point of departure, and extends to nearly a century of kinship studies and relevant anthropological theories in Euro-American academia. I hope it will inspire more scholars of China to focus on kinship phenomena in today’s Chinese society.

Theft is the main type of juvenile delinquency. Based on the interviews in A City, this research takes migrant juveniles’petty theft as the object to discuss the generating situation and the generative mechanism of this criminal behavior. In the context of Chinese social transformation, the intense social mobility has led to the inadequacy or absence of family care and social care for some juveniles, which put the juveniles in a predicament of“lame independence”. Under the dual constraints of threatened survival needs satisfaction and the“lame independence” situation, some migrant juveniles go astray in petty theft to achieve so-called “balanced independence”. In the specific implementation process of theft, migrant juveniles weigh their needs, value systems satisfaction and cognition. During that, the temporary drift of needs’tendency, situational moral breakthroughs, and situational control based on behavior rationality that occur sequentially in critical stages have jointly caused the occurrence of petty theft, presenting the features of situational weighing. This research focuses on the interaction between the behavior and the situation when theft occurs to supplement the accumulation of research on juvenile delinquency in China.

This article reveals the administrative integration mechanism and its consequences in suburban rural areas of metropolis in eastern China. The administrative integration mechanism includes three levels: authoritative organizations,collective resources, and governance rules. Firstly, the local government establishes an organized connection mechanism with peasants by officializing the village organizations and the electoral procedure. The village cadres and collective organizations are incorporated into the administrative management system. Secondly, the local government controls rural collective resources institutionalized by integrating village organizations into the standardized administrative management system. Thirdly, institutionalized reallocation of collective resources presents typical characteristics of a redistribution system, making for villagers’higher identity of the authority of village organizations and collectives. Finally, the administrative integration mechanism, forming the governance solidarity in rural society, has profoundly changed the solidarity model of rural areas. Such governance solidarity is a“collectives”solidarity model and reflects the“dual unity” relationship between the state and rural society.

This paper reviews father absence research in the U.S. academia in the 21st century and finds that absent fatherhood has two dimensions: physical and sentimental absence. Each dimension corresponds to its unique essence, theoretical paradigm, and research method. The essence of physical absence is the structural problem. Built on this, structuralism and relevant theoretical perspectives have guided a series of quantitative studies on physical father absence, highlighting intergenerational transmission of disadvantaged resources and the consequent social reproduction of inequality. Meanwhile, the essence of sentimental absence is the unequal gender division of labor. Given this, constructivism and relevant theoretical perspectives have guided a series of qualitative studies on sentimental father absence, criticizing the masculine hegemony behind it. The above research from the U.S. gives theoretical support in understanding the father absence in China, while Chinese local experience would also create the potential for theoretical innovation,providing new inspirations for sociological research in this field.

Using data from the 2015 Chinese General Social Survey（CGSS）, this paper examines the influencing factors of contemporary Chinese moral judgment. Based on the survey data, this paper divides moral judgment into“public morality”and“private morality”, and puts forward the“modernization proposition”of moral judgment. It is found that“modernization”at the individual and group level has a significant impact on private and public morality, but there are differences in specific factors. Firstly, the higher the level of modernization of an individual, the more he/she tends to conform to the judgments of public morality and reject the judgments of private morality. Secondly, the higher the modernization level of a province is, the more its people exclude private morality, while there is no significant difference in public morality. In addition, individual moral judgment is regulated by age. Modernization at the individual and social levels narrows the gap in“public morality”between different ages, while private morality does the opposite. Results verify the“modernization proposition”of contemporary Chinese moral judgment to an extent; at the same time, social transformation theory also provides supplementary explanations for this proposition. The findings of this paper also provide a sociological perspective and empirical evidence for understanding the moral concepts and moral judgments of contemporary Chinese people.

The participation of financial institutions in fiscal operation is the key historical node of the fiscal transformation in modern China. Starting with the cooperation between Piaohao and government finance in the second half of the 19th century, this paper analyzes the changes in the relationship of silver flows between central and local and inter-local silver flows after the collapse of the traditional financial system. The paper finds that, as a national financial institution under the monetary and market structure of the Qing Dynasty, Piaohao was highly dependent on the local financial market. The replacement of physical silver escort by ticket exchange essentially implied a“localized”fiscal-market relationship replacing the fiscal relationship of physical silver redistribution.The“localized”logic of silver mobilization made it not only in tension with the fiscal principle of redistribution but also unable to truly expand the state’s fiscal mobilization capacity. Therefore, Piaohao could not solve the fiscal crisis of the traditional state. When the exchange relationship replaced the physical movement of silver, the traditional fiscal relationship, which was already on the verge of collapse, further disintegrated.

Taking Hegel’s social theory discussed by Durkheim as a clue, the paper attempts to systematically examine Durkheim’s thinking on the modern state problem in his last years. It is argued that Hegel’s social theory always serves as a reference for Durkheim when he was concerned about the modern state, and such a function continued until he speculated about“Germany above all”during the First World War. With this clue, the paper reveals not only the crisis confronting the British and French tradition of individualism in the modern world but also the fundamental challenge brought to the European civilization of individualism by the German state form that developed during its dealing with the crisis, which constitutes the very reason of Durkheim’s revision to his state theory. Finally, the paper attempts to distil Durkheim’s socio-pathological analytical framework for the diagnosis of the modern state problem.

Using the 2020 Demographic and Employment data from the Poverty Reduction Bureau of Fengning County, we adopted the perspective of outflow place to analyze the factors at the family level that might influence the destination choices of the relative poverty labor. We founded that: firstly, nearly sixty percent of them regarded migration as a family livelihood strategy. They preferred to work in other counties or cities within the province. Secondly, family structures and care burden were key influence factors of participants’destination choices. Specifically speaking, when their children were in primary and secondary stages, the relative poverty labor force would have to choose to work within the province to accompany studying. On the contrary, with the total number of households’labor force and the care burden for the elder, the relative poverty labor was likely to choose to work outside. Thirdly, the relative deprivation showed little influence on their destination choices. This paper helps to understand destination choices of relative poverty labor, and the influential mechanisms of family factors on their choices. Furthermore, there are certain implications both for improving Employment Social Policy and developing migration research.

The cultural relics and literature on artwork appreciation provide an opportunity for sociology to focus on the mutual construction of cognitive mode, knowledge orientation and social structure in a certain historical period.Through material analysis and literature research, this paper pays attention to the development history of realistic painted sculpture, jun porcelain and free?hand brushwork painting, and specifically explores the correlation among the availability of material, the characteristics of Confucian intellectual elites, the rise and fall of art forms and the hierarchy of“scholars, peasants, workers and merchants”. This article finds that Confucian intellectual elites tend to follow formal tastes and engage in artistic creation and aesthetic appreciations with reference to the theoretical knowledge system. On this basis, only developing artistic forms that need light physical strength for production and provide interpretable possibilities can help enhance the reputation of the Chinese gentry. The orthodox formal taste constructs the aesthetic consensus making the unity of artistic criterion and social structure possible.

During the past half century, the history of sociology has not only adopted the traditional method of historiography by sorting out important figures,publications, organizations and institutions in chronological order, but also focused on the complex relationships among academic knowledge, disciplinary institutions, interpersonal communication, and social backgrounds. Following the latter line of thinking, this article examines the effects of the Cold War on the development of American sociology. The government behavior and cultural atmosphere such as attaching importance to science and technology, investigating other societies, cultural propaganda and thought control triggered by the Cold War bring about six outcomes of American sociology from institutional, cultural, and intellectual aspects：(1) academia is more reliant on government funding；(2) interdisciplinary cooperation and the deepening of sociology’s own identity；(3)the scope of research is misled and limited, and a neutral attitude beyond politics prevails；(4) the existing tradition of scientism is further strengthened；(5)the“Individuality-Collectivity”social model has been continued and deepened；(6) specific theories and methods such as modernization theory have emerged or been widely used. Today, some of these influences have disappeared in the United States, and some have spread to sociological fields around the world.

Utilizing four waves of data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (2011-2018), this study investigates the impact of grandchild care on the health trajectories of rural elderly in China. The growth curve model analysis reveals a negative correlation between grandchild care and the rate of health decline among these individuals. Notably, this effect varies by gender. For female elderly, grandchild care does not show a significant association with health changes.In contrast, grandchild care appears to worsen the health of male elderly, with this adverse impact intensifying with age. Moreover, when examining care intensity, results indicate that high-intensity grandchild care, as opposed to none or lowintensity care, is particularly significant in accelerating health decline in male elderly. These findings highlight the influence of context-specific cultural norms and family models, and illuminate the complex interplay of tradition and modernity in intergenerational relationships within Chinese families.

Using ten periods data from the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS),we find that, firstly, there is a heterogeneous effect in the impact of education on intergenerational social mobility across different birth cohorts and education levels.The higher the level of education, the greater the impact on intergenerational social mobility, with a relatively upward trend observed among those born between the 1960s and 1980s. Secondly, higher education has the strongest effect on promoting intergenerational social mobility, while the lower and middle education levels have a weaker effect on promoting intergenerational social mobility. However, due to the large proportion of middle and primary education levels in the general population, the positive impact of education on intergenerational social mobility in China has largely been masked. It is important for the government to actively promote educational policy reform, ensure the equal distribution of educational resources, and enhance the opportunity for children from lower classes to receive middle and higher education, promoting high-quality social and economic development in China.

The imbalance of power and responsibility is not significant in grass-roots governance. It is a state of governance determined by the characteristics of the system. Given that premise, the valuable discussion is about how to achieve the unity of governance methods and governance goals based on this state. This paper intends to take a civil dispute as the case to reveal how the grass-roots government transforms“institutional potential energy”into“governance practical ability”to achieve the balance of power and responsibility in governance activities. The core of this transformation mechanism is to make the grass-roots government, village cadres and villagers paralleled in the same action chain through the way of
“administrative Absorption”and“interest absorption”, which，in essence，is the reconnection between the state and the local society. There are two aspects this reconnection must emphasize: one is the connection between the grass-roots government and the village cadres, and the other is the unity between the village cadres and the villagers. The former points to how publicity is connected to sociality, and the latter means how rural society could realize the transformation from sociality to more orderly and powerful publicity.

The influences of biology on sociology are throughout the history of sociology. Only since the 1960s has the piecemeal interest in biology in the early history of sociology gradually developed into a systemic endeavour of having recourse
to biology in human social studies. An outcome of the endeavour is exactly modern biosociology. The influences of biology on social science and sociology mainly come from evolutionary biology, genetics, and neuroscience. Correspondingly, biosociology has three primary branches: evolutionary sociology, genosociology, and neurosociology. The integration of biological knowledge with sociological studies can bring new concepts and theories, and enrich the knowledge system and research levels of sociology. Moreover, this will help promote the prestige and growth of sociology.

This study investigated 1494 perpetrators in three prisons in City G,aiming to examine the potential types of adult trauma and the relationship withthe age of first offending and recidivism among different genders from two dimensions:“family misfortune-criminality”and“victim experience-criminality”. The results indicated that there were three potential types of adult trauma among the perpetrators. Factors such as mobile identity, education level, marital status, and economic conditions significantly influence the classification of potential adult trauma patterns of perpetrators regarding genders to varying degrees. Female perpetrators with“medium trauma”and“high trauma- high victim”are more likely to commit their first crime in middle and young adulthood, while male perpetrators with“high trauma-high misfortune-high victim”are more prone to recidivism. Thus, it is crucial to consider the trauma risk faced by individuals of different genders concerning family misfortune and victim experience. Targeted interventions and prevention strategies should be implemented based on the characteristics and criminal patterns of perpetrators with different types of adult trauma.